![]() ![]() Since then, the photon concept has been known as the duality concept. De Broglie proposed that photon moves as a wave in 1923. The photon concept was not able to explain interference, polarization, etc., during its initial period. Subsequently, Millikan determined Plank’s constant according to the photon concept in 1916. Stephen Hawking wrote in his book that “Einstein refused to believe in the reality of quantum mechanics, despite the important role he had played in its development”. Einstein himself was unhappy with the quantum concept. Millikan was dissatisfied with the explanation of the photoelectric effect by the photon concept from 1905 to 1915. ![]() The photon contains momentum and it collides with the electrons of photocell materials. Furthermore, Einstein considered that light is discrete by parts, as in Max Plank ’s consideration. Einstein explained Lenard’s experimental results of the photoelectric effect. Subsequently, Albert Einstein introduced the quantum (photon) concept of light through the explanation of the photoelectric effect in 1905. After the discovery of the photoelectric effect, the classical EM wave concept failed to explain it. The most notable cause of electron transition is light–electron interaction, which is an important task in the science, engineering and technology sectors. The electron transition, orbit-to-orbit and orbit-to-vacuum, of a material occur through different forces. The new wave concept may be able to explain all photonic behaviors of light clearly. The results of previous reports match the prediction of the new concept of EM waves. The frequency of the regenerated light can be higher than that of primary light, depending on the energy (frequency and amplitude) of the primary light. The light can regenerate through processes with different frequencies. The high-intensity EM waves reach the inner orbits of the targeted atom and transit electrons from different orbits. Thus, sufficient energetic electrons are scattered from their orbit. Consequently, the electrons’ speed is obstructed, and the electrons move behind their natural places (phase) in other words, the electrons cannot follow the required phase of EM waves. During the first rotational cycle, the electrons with large enough radii face different potential barriers in neighboring orbits. In this way, the electrons absorb light energy as rotational kinetic energy. The orbital electrons of a material rotate circularly by the sinusoidal fields of the EM waves. In this work, the electron transition process is explained with the new modified EM wave concept. The current understanding of the interaction process between orbital electrons and light may not be realistic. ![]() Since the photon concept is not able to explain the intensity effect and the ejection direction clearly, it cannot be used to explain nonlinear optical phenomena clearly. All the facts relating to the photoelectric effect are explained by the new modified EM wave concept. An electromagnetic (EM) wave is a form of continuous energy, of which both the frequency and the amplitude are parts, as shown in a recent report. ![]()
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